Heparan Sulfate is a complex and linear polysaccharide, exists as part of glycoproteins named heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.

D-glutamic acid, the enantiomer of L-glutamic acid, is widely used in medicine and food.

L-Dehydro Ascorbic Acid is the reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid;Dehydroascorbic acid a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.